2022四川大學(xué)mba碩士研究生考試真題及答案詳解

故可唯一確定，選C．

22．【答案】B

【考點(diǎn)】整式與分式公式

【解析】條件（1），根據(jù)，但不能確定與的大小，故不能確定的正負(fù)，不充分；

條件（2），，可求得的值，因?yàn)闉檎龑?shí)數(shù)，故可確定的值，所以唯一確定，充分，故選B．

23．【答案】E

【考點(diǎn)】等比數(shù)列、求根公式

【解析】條件（1），（等比數(shù)列不存在0，兩

邊同時(shí)除以），利用求根公式得，不唯一，不充分；

條件（2），特值證否，，滿足條件但不滿足結(jié)論（分母不為0），不充分．

聯(lián)合條件，但仍不能確定正負(fù)，不充分，故選E．

24．【答案】C

【考點(diǎn)】等差數(shù)列判定

【解析】條件（1）中，令，可得，，很明顯不成等差數(shù)列（利用累加，

也無法判定）；

條件（2）只知前三項(xiàng)，不能確定等差；聯(lián)合有，，成等差，設(shè)公差為，可得

（大前提為正數(shù)列，故?。?，再由

，

即，則為等差數(shù)列．

25．【答案】A

【考點(diǎn)】絕對(duì)值

【解析】聯(lián)合為空集，排除C選項(xiàng)．常利用特值法解決絕對(duì)值考點(diǎn)．

條件（1），特值無法確認(rèn)，待定；

條件（2），，滿足條件但推不出結(jié)論，不充分，可確定A/E選項(xiàng)．

條件（1）中，若，則；

若，則，充分，故選A．

三、邏輯推理：第26~55小題，每小題2分，共60分。下列每題給出的A.B.C.D.E五個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)符合題目要求。請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}紙上將所選字母涂黑。

26.【答案】C。

【考點(diǎn)】形式邏輯-假言求真。

【解析】①信念不堅(jiān)定→思想迷霧→非應(yīng)對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；②辦好→堅(jiān)持四個(gè)自信。

①逆否得：應(yīng)對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)→信念堅(jiān)定=“只有信念堅(jiān)定，才能應(yīng)對(duì)前進(jìn)道路上的各種挑戰(zhàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”，C正確；

A是“堅(jiān)持四個(gè)自信→辦好”，題干是是“辦好→堅(jiān)持四個(gè)自信”，排除；

B是“信念堅(jiān)定→非思想迷霧”，題干條件是“信念不堅(jiān)定→思想迷霧”，排除；

CE題干均未涉及，排除。

27.【答案】E。

【考點(diǎn)】非形式邏輯-支持。

【解析】論點(diǎn)：學(xué)者觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為是寄給友人的書信。

E說詩中的西窗是會(huì)客的地方，共剪西窗燭應(yīng)該是跟友人一起，并且起自尊客于西的先秦古禮，并被后世習(xí)察日用，那么是早于李商隱所在的晚唐時(shí)期，支持該詩是寫給友人的。

A李商隱之妻去世了不代表就不能為她寫詩，排除；

28.【答案】A。

【考點(diǎn)】分析推理。

【解析】5個(gè)節(jié)目中選3個(gè)

“焦點(diǎn)訪談”→¬“人物故事”=“人物故事”→¬“焦點(diǎn)訪談”（2選1）

“國家記憶”→¬“自然傳奇”=“自然傳奇”→¬“國家記憶”（2選1）

29.四個(gè)節(jié)目中只能有兩個(gè)入選，因而“縱橫中國”必須要選。【答案】D。

【考點(diǎn)】非形式邏輯—支持。

【解析】題干中存在的論證：

論據(jù)：碳排放量減少；

論點(diǎn)：疫情期間汽車使用量下降一半從而使得碳排放量下降。

D選項(xiàng)加入限定碳排放量中交通運(yùn)輸占比最大，那么汽車使用量少了必定碳排放量會(huì)變小。

30.【答案】E。

【考點(diǎn)】形式邏輯。

【解析】題干邏輯：

①2號(hào)?1單→甲疫苗；

②李→¬2號(hào)?1單；

③趙→甲疫苗；

④陳→¬甲疫苗。

根據(jù)小陳沒有打甲疫苗，陳→¬甲疫苗→¬2號(hào)ⅴ¬1單。

E.陳¬2號(hào)ⅴ¬1單，否一肯一得如果是2號(hào)樓肯定不會(huì)是1單。

32.【答案】B。

【考點(diǎn)】非形式邏輯—支持題。

【解析】題干中存在的論證：

論據(jù)：默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)參與回憶舊事、規(guī)劃未來、想象等內(nèi)心思考；

結(jié)論：默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)功能與孤獨(dú)感正相關(guān)。

B項(xiàng)搭橋建立聯(lián)系，孤獨(dú)感和回憶舊事、規(guī)劃未來等內(nèi)心活動(dòng)有關(guān)。直接肯定題干結(jié)論。

A.沒有建立孤獨(dú)感的聯(lián)系，無法支持。

C.探討孤獨(dú)感的老人和腦部萎縮的關(guān)系，無關(guān)。

D.探討了解孤獨(dú)感對(duì)大腦的影響的意義，無關(guān)。

E.穹窿與話題無關(guān)。

33.【答案】B。

【考點(diǎn)】分析推理。

【解析】如果宋和孔都不參加，根據(jù)孔不參加結(jié)合（1）可得：

（4）張和李都參加。

李參加結(jié)合（3）可得：要么張宋都參加，要么張宋都不參加；又因?yàn)椋?）推張參加了，所以張和宋都參加，與宋和孔都不參加矛盾，所以宋和孔都不參加是不可能的。

34.【答案】E。

【考點(diǎn)】非形式邏輯—支持題。

【解析】論據(jù)：09年甲流H1N1出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候另一種甲流病毒消失了；

結(jié)論：人體同時(shí)感染新冠和流感病毒的可能性低于預(yù)期。

E.新冠感染可以防止流感病毒的復(fù)制，解釋了兩者不會(huì)同時(shí)存在的原因，直接肯定題干結(jié)論。

A.論述的是人們?cè)鯓咏档蛢煞N病毒感染幾率的方法，無法支持結(jié)論。排除

B.舉例說明兩者同時(shí)感染的概率比較低，只是一部分的數(shù)據(jù)，支持力度有限。

C.論述的是人們感染病毒后，免疫系統(tǒng)的變化，無關(guān)。

D.講的是怎樣避免感染新冠病毒，無關(guān)。

34.【答案】D。

【考點(diǎn)】非形式邏輯—削弱題。

【解析】論據(jù)：有人認(rèn)為吃豬蹄能夠補(bǔ)充膠原蛋白；

專家結(jié)論：吃豬蹄不能補(bǔ)充膠原蛋白。

D豬蹄中的膠原蛋白通過消化可以合成人體必需的膠原蛋白，說明吃豬蹄可以補(bǔ)充膠原蛋白，直接削弱專家的結(jié)論，所以選D。

A.說明吃豬蹄不能補(bǔ)充膠原蛋白，支持了專家的觀點(diǎn)，排除。

35.【答案】A

【考點(diǎn)】分析推理。

【解析】(1)甲、丙、壬、癸中至多有3人選數(shù)學(xué)→丁化學(xué)?庚化學(xué)?辛化學(xué)；

(2)乙、戊、己中至多有2人選哲學(xué)→甲、丙、庚、辛4人專業(yè)各不相同。

聯(lián)立（2）+（1）得：乙戊己中至多有2人是哲學(xué)→甲丙庚辛4人專業(yè)不相同→非丁化學(xué)或者非庚化學(xué)或者非辛化學(xué)→甲丙壬癸都是數(shù)學(xué)；

所以乙戊己中至多有2人是哲學(xué)為假；乙戊己都是哲學(xué)。

36.【答案】E。

【考點(diǎn)】形式邏輯。

【解析】(1)定點(diǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)→電子憑證；

(2)本市參保人員→可就醫(yī)；

(3)掃碼使用→激活。

E.（3）逆否可得未激活→非掃碼。

A.由（1）可知錯(cuò)誤，排除。

B.無法從題干中得到，排除。

C.外地?zé)o限制，排除。

D.外地?zé)o限制，排除。

37.【答案】C。

【考點(diǎn)】分析推理。

【解析】已知李人民，可以否定②的后件“宋和吳均訂《人民日?qǐng)?bào)》”（每種報(bào)只能有兩人訂閱），從而否定②的前件：李文匯且王文匯，則非吳文匯，從而得到“吳至少訂了《光明日?qǐng)?bào)》《參考消息》中一種”，肯定了①的前件，得到：非王光明。如果非王參考的話，則跟李的情況一樣了，違背了題干“每個(gè)人訂閱均不完全相同”的要求，因此“王訂閱《參考消息》”，C正確。

“宋訂閱《文匯報(bào)》”選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，其余三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不一定。

39.【答案】B。

【考點(diǎn)】非形式邏輯—解釋。

【解析】實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明感染寄生蟲的孔雀魚在長(zhǎng)噪音中12天死亡，其他短噪音和無噪音的環(huán)境下的魚14天才死亡。

B選項(xiàng)指出長(zhǎng)噪音環(huán)境下孔雀魚身上的寄生蟲會(huì)侵害魚的健康，導(dǎo)致早死。其他環(huán)境下并無影響，解釋了題干中不同環(huán)境下魚死亡時(shí)間的區(qū)別。

40.【答案】D。

【考點(diǎn)】分析推理。

【解析】題干邏輯：

（1）甲→丁、戊、庚至多選一，可以排除A、C；

（2）丙或己→乙且非戊，可以排除B、E。

所以選D。

41.【答案】E。

【考點(diǎn)】形式邏輯-假言。

【解析】發(fā)現(xiàn)不足且Λ確立目標(biāo)Λ改進(jìn)不足Λ實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)→樂觀精神→擁有幸福感。

現(xiàn)已知：有些人沒有幸福感。

逆否可得：非發(fā)現(xiàn)不足Ⅴ非確定目標(biāo)Ⅴ非行動(dòng)改進(jìn)不足Ⅴ非實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)。

又已知：這些人發(fā)現(xiàn)不足且行動(dòng)改進(jìn)不足，則可推：非確定目標(biāo)Ⅴ非實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)。

即“確立前進(jìn)的目標(biāo)并通過實(shí)際行動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)，生活中有些人沒有做到這一點(diǎn)”，E正確。

41.【答案】A。

【考點(diǎn)】分析推理。

【解析】因?yàn)?個(gè)學(xué)年分配8門課程

①得后三年數(shù)量不一樣，只能是1、2、3門。因而。第一年只能是2門；

②丙已辛一起，丁在后，那么丙、己、辛和丁不可能在第一年；

③辛不在第一年否定后件推出，第四年不是甲、丙、丁，丁只能在第三年，丙、己、辛在第二年，又已知，乙在丁之前，所以乙只能在第一年。

42.【答案】A。

【考點(diǎn)】分析推理。

【解析】因?yàn)榧住⒏谝抑?，第二年年已?jīng)確定是丙已辛，第三年有丁，由根據(jù)上一題得到甲不可能在第四年，所以乙只能放在第一年。甲、庚在最后兩年年中，剩余的戊只能放在第一年（第一年需要有兩門）。

43.【答案】C。

【考點(diǎn)】非形式邏輯推論。

【解析】題干“傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日帶給人們的不只是快樂和喜慶，還塑造著影響至深的文化自信”可以推出“有些帶給人們歡樂和喜慶的節(jié)日塑造著人們的文化自信”，所以選C。

AB與題干推理相反；DE題干未涉及。

44.【答案】C。

【考點(diǎn)】非形式邏輯—削弱題。

【解析】論據(jù)：教育影視劇現(xiàn)象介紹；結(jié)論：這類教育影視劇對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)教育公平于事無補(bǔ)。

要削弱需要說明這類教育影視劇對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)教育公平還是有用。

C教育影視劇會(huì)對(duì)國家教育走向產(chǎn)生重要影響，直接否定題干結(jié)論，所以選C。

A“教育競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不可避免”更像一個(gè)支持選項(xiàng)，說明教育影視劇對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)教育公平未必有用；

B擲彈到了父母父母過度焦慮的后果，與論證無關(guān)；

D教育影視劇的提醒只是一個(gè)期望，并未說明教育影視劇對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)教育公平是否有用；

E只是給出建議，并未說明教育影視劇對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)教育公平是否有用。

45.【答案】B。

【考點(diǎn)】分析推理。

【解析】根據(jù)③戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)片必須在周三，帶入②逆否可得，周四和周六都不放懸疑片，③還能帶入①逆否可得，周二和周五也不放懸疑片，因此只有周日可以放懸疑片。

46.【答案】C。

【考點(diǎn)】分析推理。

【解析】根據(jù)③戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)片必須在周三，結(jié)合問句給的條件歷史片的放映日期，既與紀(jì)錄片相鄰，又與科幻片相鄰，可知只三個(gè)元素綁定，故只能放在4、5、6，根據(jù)上一問懸疑必須在周日，故只有周二給剩下的動(dòng)作片。

47.【答案】E。

【考點(diǎn)】非形式邏輯-削弱。

【解析】論據(jù)：基因調(diào)整技術(shù)讓線蟲壽命延長(zhǎng)5倍。

結(jié)論：該技術(shù)應(yīng)用于人類，人有活到500歲會(huì)成為可能。

E直接說明該措施無效，人活到500歲基本不可能，有力地削弱了結(jié)論；

A僅提到可能造成的危害，并未涉及該措施是否有效，無法削弱；

B“極少數(shù)的人活到500歲”意味著也能實(shí)現(xiàn)，屬于支持選項(xiàng)；

C“還需要經(jīng)歷較長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間”意為措施有效，只是還有個(gè)過程，屬于支持選項(xiàng)；

D無關(guān)選項(xiàng)。

48.【答案】C。

【考點(diǎn)】非形式邏輯-評(píng)價(jià)。

【解析】該題為評(píng)價(jià)題，考差非形式邏輯的論證謬誤，易某的回答犯了“轉(zhuǎn)移論題”的邏輯錯(cuò)誤，選C。

49.【答案】D。

【考點(diǎn)】分析推理。

【解析】根據(jù)：王沒有創(chuàng)作詩歌，則李愛好小說；王創(chuàng)作詩歌，則李愛好小說且周愛好散文，可以根據(jù)二難推理李愛好小說，根據(jù)李愛好小說可以推出李沒有創(chuàng)作小說，可以逆否條件二得到王創(chuàng)作詩歌，故王不會(huì)愛好詩歌，可以推出王愛好戲劇，周愛好散文，最后可以推出丁愛好詩歌。

50.【答案】A。

【考點(diǎn)】分析推理。

【解析】增加條件丁創(chuàng)作散文，又由于上一題推出王創(chuàng)作詩歌，故李不會(huì)創(chuàng)作散文和詩歌，并且李愛好小說，故不會(huì)創(chuàng)作小說，因此李只能創(chuàng)作戲劇，故推出周創(chuàng)作小說。

51.【答案】C

【考點(diǎn)】非形式邏輯-解釋。

【解析】C直接給出了原因說明為什么“種了金盞草的花壇玫瑰長(zhǎng)得很茂盛，而未種金盞草的花壇呈現(xiàn)病態(tài)并很快枯萎”；A并未解釋到題干的現(xiàn)象；B“保持土壤濕度”D“具有奇特作用”E“施肥較多”最多只能說明會(huì)對(duì)玫瑰可能造成影響，但都不能直接說明金盞草確實(shí)對(duì)玫瑰生長(zhǎng)有利，無法解釋。

52.【答案】B。

【考點(diǎn)】分析推理-二難推理。

【解析】若5人都為真，根據(jù)李佳、夏辛可推出龍川→呈坎→新安；根據(jù)丁東、吳悠可推出徽州→新安→江村；根據(jù)賈元說的龍川和徽州古城兩個(gè)地方至少去一個(gè)，無論去那一個(gè)，新安和江村都是必須去的。

53.【答案】E。

【考點(diǎn)】非形式邏輯-支持。

【解析】論據(jù)：有胃底腺息肉的患者無人患胃癌，而沒有胃底腺息肉的患者中有172人發(fā)現(xiàn)有胃癌。

結(jié)論：胃底腺息肉與胃癌呈負(fù)相關(guān)。

E選項(xiàng)說明了胃底腺息肉減少了胃癌危害的原因，可以支持；

A指出胃底腺息肉的患者無人患胃癌的他因，并非二者本身呈負(fù)相關(guān)，削弱選項(xiàng)，排除；

BCD均屬于無關(guān)選項(xiàng)。

54.【答案】D。

【考點(diǎn)】分析推理。

【解析】條件表示出來：①甲觀或甲工或乙觀或乙工→乙觀且乙工且丙觀且丙工；②乙觀或丁觀或乙會(huì)或丁會(huì)→乙紀(jì)且乙工且丁紀(jì)且丁工且戊紀(jì)且戊工；③丁紀(jì)或丁商→甲、己入選的項(xiàng)目均在紀(jì)念建筑、觀演建筑和商業(yè)建筑之中

①與②的逆否可串聯(lián)（①后件中的“乙觀”可否定②后件中的“乙紀(jì)）：甲觀或甲工或乙觀或乙工→乙觀且乙工且丙觀且丙工→非乙觀且非丁觀且非乙會(huì)且非丁會(huì)（推出了矛盾：“乙觀”與“非乙觀”，根據(jù)歸謬，該推理的開頭不可能成立，因此得到：非甲觀、非甲工、非乙觀、非乙工。

現(xiàn)已知：非乙工，可否定②的后件，從而否定②的前件，得到：非乙觀、非丁觀、非乙會(huì)、非丁會(huì)，現(xiàn)有：非乙觀、非乙工、非乙會(huì)，得到：乙紀(jì)、乙商。

現(xiàn)已知：非丁觀、非丁會(huì)，因此丁在紀(jì)、商、工中的兩個(gè)，所以“丁至少有一個(gè)項(xiàng)目入選紀(jì)念建筑或商業(yè)建筑”，肯定了③的前件，得到“甲、己入選的項(xiàng)目均在紀(jì)念建筑、觀演建筑和商業(yè)建筑之中”，又已知：非甲觀，因此得到：甲紀(jì)、甲商、非己工、非己會(huì)。

因?yàn)椋杭准o(jì)、甲商、乙紀(jì)、乙商，得到：非甲會(huì)、非乙會(huì)、非丁會(huì)、非己會(huì)。

因此只能：丙會(huì)、戊會(huì)，選D“丙有項(xiàng)目入選觀演建筑”。

“甲觀”選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，其余三個(gè)選項(xiàng)無法確定。

55.【答案】A。

【考點(diǎn)】分析推理。

【解析】現(xiàn)給出新的條件：己商，則商滿了（甲、乙、己），又已知非丁會(huì)、非丁觀，丁只能是紀(jì)、工，此時(shí)紀(jì)也滿了（甲、乙、?。?，又已知：非己會(huì)，己還能在觀和工中其一，有根據(jù)上一題得到的“己入選的項(xiàng)目均在紀(jì)念建筑、觀演建筑和商業(yè)建筑之中”，所以：非己工，己觀。

最終得到：

紀(jì)念建筑：甲、乙、丁

觀演建筑：己、丙和戊其一

會(huì)堂建筑：丙、戊

商業(yè)建筑：甲、乙、丁

工業(yè)建筑：丁、丙和戊其一

選A“己有項(xiàng)目入選觀演建筑”。

“丁商”、“乙工”選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，其余兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)無法確定。

56.【中心論點(diǎn)】

默默無聞、無私奉獻(xiàn)的德行注定不可能成為社會(huì)的道德精神。（第一段、最后一段）

【參考謬誤】

①一種德行未必要借助大眾媒體的傳播才能成為社會(huì)的道德精神。在某人行使優(yōu)良德行的過程中，被接受者以及旁觀者感受到了這種這種德行值得發(fā)揚(yáng)，就可能會(huì)效仿該行為或者將該行為講給身邊的人聽，一傳十、十傳百同樣會(huì)逐漸傳播開來，也可以通過家庭、學(xué)校等教育方式獲得傳播與傳承。古代并沒有便利的大眾媒體傳播方式，卻留下了無數(shù)的優(yōu)良德行至今受用。因此，不一定非要通過大眾媒體的傳播途徑。

②一種德行未必要化為自覺意識(shí)才能成為社會(huì)的道德精神。很多德行實(shí)施起來由于受時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、環(huán)境等諸多因素，使得許多人未必主動(dòng)去做或者即便想做也不具備實(shí)施的條件，那么即便大家普遍并沒有自覺意識(shí)甚至一輩子都不會(huì)有真正的行動(dòng)，但是大家深受這種行為地感染、十分贊賞與推崇它，并不影響它成為社會(huì)的道德精神。

③作者對(duì)概念的理解有誤，有偷換概念之嫌。無私奉獻(xiàn)精神的行為特點(diǎn)是不事張揚(yáng)、不為人知。指的是做好事的本人不希望張揚(yáng)，不希望他人知道，但不代表就不會(huì)被人知道，前面已經(jīng)提到：被接受者以及旁觀者感受到了這種這種德行值得發(fā)揚(yáng)，就可能會(huì)效仿該行為或者傳播開來。因此，不代表它就得不到傳播。既然可能得到傳播，就可能成為社會(huì)的道德精神。

④作者前面認(rèn)為默默無聞的善舉得不到傳播，而后面又說“退一步講，默默無聞的善舉一旦被媒體大力宣傳”，言下之意作者實(shí)際上是認(rèn)為該行為是有可能被傳播的，這與前面作者所認(rèn)為的“得不到傳播”自相矛盾。

⑤默默無聞的善舉被傳播開來后，未必就使這一善舉失去了默默無聞的特性。正如前面所分析到的，作者對(duì)概念的理解有誤（或偷換概念），所謂默默無聞是做好事的本人主觀上希望的默默無聞，而并不是指的該行為就一定要不被傳播，即便被傳播也并不影響默默無聞行為的本質(zhì)。

⑥“默默無聞的善舉一旦被媒體大力宣傳，當(dāng)事人必然會(huì)受到社會(huì)的肯定與贊賞”該說法過于絕對(duì)，我們可以找出反例，事實(shí)上，許多舍己為人的行為甚至可能遭到大家的誤解，有些善舉還被看作炒作。此外，有些善舉雖然為人所歌頌，但也未必值得提倡，當(dāng)代社會(huì)人們普遍對(duì)善舉的理解更多的會(huì)權(quán)衡利弊，如果所做的善舉意義不大甚至給自己及身邊的人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)造成更嚴(yán)重的損失，那么同樣可能不值得提倡。

⑦“從社會(huì)得到了回報(bào)，怎么還可以說是無私奉獻(xiàn)呢”同樣是作者對(duì)概念的理解有誤（或偷換概念），無私奉獻(xiàn)是做好事的本人主觀上希望的不求回報(bào)，不代表受益者、社會(huì)、國家就不給予他一定的回報(bào)，而做好事的本人即便最終被動(dòng)地獲得了回報(bào)，也并不改變?cè)撔袨榈臒o私奉獻(xiàn)的本質(zhì)。

⑧作者通過一系列論據(jù)和推理得到“默默無聞、無私奉獻(xiàn)的德行注定不可能成為社會(huì)的道德精神”，過于絕對(duì)。最多只能說明“有些默默無聞、無私奉獻(xiàn)的德行可能無法成為社會(huì)的道德精神”，要得到作者的中心論點(diǎn)還需更多正確及更充分的論據(jù)支撐。

【參考范文】

缺乏說服力的論證

作者通過一系列的論據(jù)和推理，試圖得到“默默無聞、無私奉獻(xiàn)的德行注定不可能成為社會(huì)的道德精神”的結(jié)論，看似有理有據(jù)，實(shí)則存在諸多問題，具體分析如下：

首先，全文多次存在概念上的混淆。無私奉獻(xiàn)精神的行為特點(diǎn)是不事張揚(yáng)、不為人知，指的是做好事的本人不希望張揚(yáng)，不希望他人知道，但不代表該行為就不會(huì)被人知道；同樣，無私奉獻(xiàn)、默默無聞中所謂的“無私”、“默默”是就行使善舉的人主觀意愿而言的，不代表就不應(yīng)、不會(huì)獲得回報(bào)和被人所知，被傳播及獲得回報(bào)也并不影響該行為的本質(zhì)。

其次，一種德行未必要借助大眾媒體、也未必要化為自覺意識(shí)才能成為社會(huì)的道德精神。被接受優(yōu)良德行的人以及旁觀者感受到了這種這種德行值得發(fā)揚(yáng)，可能會(huì)效仿并傳播，古代并不存在當(dāng)今的大眾媒體傳播方式，卻留下了無數(shù)的優(yōu)良德行至今受用。另外，很多德行即便大家僅僅深受這種感染、贊賞與推崇它而并未效仿，也并不影響它成為社會(huì)的道德精神。

再次，“默默無聞的善舉一旦被媒體大力宣傳，當(dāng)事人必然會(huì)受到社會(huì)的肯定與贊賞”的說法過于絕對(duì)。事實(shí)上，許多舍己為人的行為甚至可能遭到大家的誤解，有些善舉還被看作炒作；有些善舉也未必值得提倡，如果所做的善舉意義不大甚至給自己及身邊的人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)造成更嚴(yán)重的損失，那么同樣可能不值得提倡。

最后，作者前面推出“默默無聞的善舉得不到傳播”，而后面又說“退一步講，默默無聞的善舉一旦被媒體大力宣傳......”，如此看來作者實(shí)際上是認(rèn)為該行為還是有可能被傳播的，前后矛盾。此外，這些論據(jù)即便有一定道理，也最多只能得到“有些默默無聞、無私奉獻(xiàn)的德行可能無法成為社會(huì)的道德精神”。

因此，要得到上述結(jié)論，作者還需更多正確及充足的論據(jù)支撐。

57.【材料分析】

材料第一句話點(diǎn)明了中心：不斷優(yōu)化的過程。

接著具體展開分析：鳥類要實(shí)現(xiàn)飛翔，需要將軀干進(jìn)化成了適合飛行的流線型，同時(shí)需要增強(qiáng)翅膀、胸肌部位的功能，還需要改進(jìn)呼吸系統(tǒng)，以便給肌肉持續(xù)提供氧氣，體現(xiàn)了在實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的優(yōu)化過程中，具有針對(duì)性的一面；同時(shí)，需要舍棄了那些沉重的、效率低的身體部件，我們可以推測(cè)這些是鳥類最終要實(shí)現(xiàn)飛翔功能的一種障礙，如果鳥類最終不要飛翔的目標(biāo)，那么或許這些身體部件留著對(duì)自己還有用，并不需要舍棄，但是，為了實(shí)現(xiàn)特定的目標(biāo)，它們不得不舍棄一些相對(duì)次要的功能，如果我們將“低效的身體機(jī)能”看作“小舍”，那么可以將最終實(shí)現(xiàn)的“飛翔”看作“大得”。因此，我們可以引申到在萬事萬物的優(yōu)化發(fā)展過程中，都應(yīng)當(dāng)有整體的、長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的眼光；要以發(fā)展的眼光看問題；要有針對(duì)性而不是全盤接納；要學(xué)會(huì)舍近求遠(yuǎn)，舍小取大，這樣才能最終實(shí)現(xiàn)達(dá)到目的地優(yōu)化。

那么整個(gè)材料我們可以看作一個(gè)總分的結(jié)構(gòu)，正是給我們的文章提供了一個(gè)大致的方向：以事物的優(yōu)化為主線，并對(duì)優(yōu)化過程中應(yīng)有的具體要求展開分析。

【審題立意】

有所側(cè)重/有針對(duì)性地保留與發(fā)展；優(yōu)化過程中面臨的取舍；舍小以取大；整體、長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)眼光；大局觀。

【參考框架】

3W：優(yōu)化意味著什么；為什么優(yōu)化需要有所側(cè)重；具體策略。

正反：有針對(duì)性地優(yōu)化；全盤接納、漫無目的的后果；具體策略。

并列：優(yōu)化過程中需要抓住重點(diǎn)；優(yōu)化過程中需要敢于舍棄；優(yōu)化過程中需要有大局觀。

2022年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試

英語（二）試題

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

Harlan Coben believe that if you are a writer,you’ll find the time;and that if you can’t find the time,then writing isn’t a priority and you’re not the writer.For him,writing is a __1__ job,a job like any other.He has __2__ it with plumbing.Pointing out that a plumber doesn’t wake up and say that he can’t work with pipes today.

__3__,like most writers these days,you’re holding down a job to pay the bills,it’s not __4__ to find the time to write.But it’s not impossible.It requires determination and single-mindedness.__5__ that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living.And today,even writers who are fairly __6__ often have to do other work to __7__ their writing income.

As Harlan Coben has suggested,it’s a __8__ of priorities.To make writing a priority,you’ll have to __9__ some of your day-to-day activities,and some things you really enjoy.Depending on your __10__ and your lifestyle that might mean spending less time watching television or listening to music,though some people can write __11__ they listen to music.You might have to __12__ the amount of exercise or sport you do.You’ll have to make social media an __13__ activity rather than a daily,time-consuming __14__.There will probably have to be less socialising with your family.It’s a __15__ learning curve,and it won’t always make you popular.

There is just one thing you should try to keep at least sometime for,__16__ your writing and that’s reading.Any writer needs to read as much and as widely as they can;it’s the one __17__ supporter---something you can’t do without.

Time is finite.The older you get,the __18__ it seems to go.We need to use it so carefully and as __19__ as we can.That means prioritising out activities so that we spend most time on the things we really want to do.If you are a writer,that means __20__ writing.

1.A.difficult B.normal C.steady D.pleasant

2.A.combined B.compared C.confused D.confronted

3.A.If B.Though C.Once D.Unless

4.A.enough B.strange C.wrong D.easy

5.A.Accept B.Explain C.Remember D.Suppose

6.A.well-known B.well-advised C.well-informed D.well-chosen

7.A.donate B.generate C.supplement D.calculate

8.A.cause B.purpose C.question D.condition

9.A.highlight B.sacrifice C.continue D.explore

10.A.relations B.interests C.memories D.skills

11.A.until B.because C.while D.before

12.A.put up with B.make up for C.hang onto D.cut down on

13.A.intelligent B.occasional C.intensive D.emotional

14.A.habit B.test C.decision D.plan

15.A.tough B.gentle C.rapid D.funny

16.A.in place of B.in charge of C.in response to D.in addition to

17.A.indispensable B.innovative C.invisible D.instant

18.A.duller B.harder C.quieter D.quicker

19.A.peacefully B.generously C.productively D.gracefully

20.A.at most B.in turn C.on average D.above all

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)

Text 1

On a recent sunny day,13,000 chickens roam over Larry Brown’s 40 windswept acres in Shiner Texas.Some rest in the shade of a parked car.Others drink water with the cows.This all seems random,but it’s by design,part of what the$6.1 billion U.S.egg industry bets will be its next big thing:climate-friendly eggs.

These eggs,which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as$8 a dozen,are still labeled organic and animal-friendly,but they’re also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture-special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap green house gases.Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.

“I’m excited about our progress.”says Brown,who is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat.The birds’waste then fertilizes fields.Such improvements allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land,the hens,and the eggs that we supply to our customers.

The egg industry’s push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering.In barely more than a decade,organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart.More recently,there were similar doubts about pro-biotics and plant-based meats,but both have exploded into major supermarket categories.If the sustainable-egg roll-out is successful,it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef,broccoli,and beyond.

Regenerative products could be a hard sell because the concept is tough to define quickly,says Julie Stanton,associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine.Such farming also brings minimal,if any improvement to the food products(though some producers say their eggs have more protein).

The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range,non-GMO,and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability.Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change,and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect environment.“Young adults really care about the plant”says John Brunnquell,president of Egg Innovations.“They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what they’re doing.”

21.The climate-friendly eggs are produced____________.

A.at a considerable low cost

B.at the demand of regular shoppers

C.as a replacement for organic eggs

D.on specially designed forms

22.Larry Brown is exited about his progress in ____________.

A.reducing the damage of worms

B.accelerating the disposal of waste

C.creating a sustainable system

D.attracting customers to his products

23.The example of organic eggs is used in the paragraph 4 to suggest ____________.

A.the doubts over natural feeds

B.the setbacks in the egg industry

C.the potential of regenerative products

D.the promotional success of supermarkets

24.It can be learned from the last paragraph that young people ____________.

A.are reluctant to change their diet

B.are likely to buy climate-friendly eggs

C.are curious about new food

D.are amazed at agricultural advances

25.John Brungvell would disagree with Julie Stanton over generative products ____________.

A.markets prospects

B.standard definition

C.nutritional value

D.moral implication

Text2

More Americans are opting to work well into retirement,a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.

One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life,according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade.Even more surprising is that more than half of“unretirees”–those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring–said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down,the survey showed.

Financial needs aren’t the only culprit for the“unretirement”trend.Other reasons,according to the study,include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit,preventing boredom or avoiding depression.

“The concept of retirement is evolving,”said Christine.Russell,senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade.“It’s not just about finances.The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement.”

One reason for the change in retirement patterns:Americans are living longer.The share of the population 65 and older was 16%in 2018,up 3.2%from the prior year,according to the U.S.Census Bureau.That’s also up 30.2%since 2010.

Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment of the U.S.workforce,and boomers are expected to live longer than previous generations.The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades.About 20%of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February,up from an all-time low of 10%in January 1985,according to money manager United Income.

Because of longer life spans,Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs,the TD Ameritrade study showed,which surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to 79.Six in 10"unretirees"are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life,according to the survey.Among the most popular ways they are doing this,the company said,is by reducing their overall expenses,securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.

Unfortunately,many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years,said Brent Weiss,a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth.He suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial goals.

“The most challenging moments in life are getting married,starting a family and ultimately retiring,”Weiss said.“It’s not just a financial decision,but an emotional one.Many people believe they can’t retire.”

26.The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that __________________

A.over half of the retirees are physically fit for work.

B.the old workforce is active as the younger one

C.one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirement

D.more Americans are willing to work in retirement

27.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think that __________________

A.retirement may cause problems for them

B.boredom can be relieved after retirement

C.the mental health of retirees is overlooked

D."unretirement"contributes to the economy

28.Retirement patterns are changing partly due to __________________

A.labor shortages

B.population growth

C.longer life expectancy

D.rising living costs

29.Many“unretirees”are increasing their savings by __________________

A.investing more in stocks

B.taking up odd jobs

C.getting well-paid work

D.spending less

30.With regard to retirement,Brent Weiss thinks that many people are __________________

A.unprepared

B.unafraid

C.disappointed

D.enthusiastic

Text 3

We have all encountered them,in both our personal and professional lives.Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel.Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated intentionally or unintentionally,in ways that impair consumer choice.These are examples of dark patterns.

First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull,“dark patterns”is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users.Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns,ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to“roach motel,”where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start,but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.

In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites,researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices.Though widely pr*ent,the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood.Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.

Where is the line between ethical,persuasive design and dark patterns?Businesses should engage in conversations with IT,compliance,risk,and legal teams to review their privacy policy,and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the company's user interface,as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups,checkout baskets,pricing and promotions.Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding“digital deception”.

Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns,most recently at the state level.In March,the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act(CCPA)that ensures that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.The regulations aim to ban dark patterns---this means prohibiting companies from using confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn’t opt out.

As more states consider promulgating additional regulations,there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community.Dark patterns also be addressed on a self-regulatory basis,but only if organizations hold themselves accountable,not just to legal requirements but also to industry best practices and standards.

31.It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patterns_____

A.improve user experience

B.leak user information for profit

C.undermine users'decision-making

D.remind users of hidden costs

32.The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to show____

A.their major flaws

B.their complex designs

C.their severe damage

D.their strong presence

33.To handle digital deception,businesses should_____

A.listen to customer feedback

B.talk with relevant teams

C.turn to independent agencies

D.reply on professional training

34.The additional regulations under CCPA are intended to_____

A.guide users through opt-out process

B.protect consumers from being tricked

C.grant companies data Privacy rights

D.restrict access to problematic content

35.According to the last paragraph,a key to coping with dark patterns is_____

A.new legal requirements

B.business’self-discipline

C.strict regulatory standards

D.consumers’safety awareness

Text 4

Although ethics classes are common around the world,scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior;evidence either way is weak,relying on contrive laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports.But a new study published in Cognition found that,in at least one real-world situation,a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.

The researchers investigated one class sessions impact on eating meat.They chose this particular behavior for three reasons,according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel,a philosopher at the University of California,Riverside:students attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable,behavior is easily measurable,and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering.Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat,optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion.The other half focused on charitable giving instead.Then,unbeknownst to the students,there searchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.“It’s an awesome data set”says Nina Strohminger,a psychological who teaches business ethics at the University of Pennsylvania and was not involved in the study.

Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect;he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors,including voting rates,blood donation and returning library books.But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics,meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent---and this effect held steady for the study’s duration of several weeks.Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.

That is actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention,Schwitzgebel says.Strohminger agrees:“The thing that still blows my mind is that the only thing that’s different between these two cases is just one day in class.”She says she wants the effect to be cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable.And if real,Strohminger notes,it might be reversible by another nudge:“Easy come,easy go.”

Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence---classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism,showing it as achievable or more common.Second,the video may have had an emotional impact.Least rousing,he thinks,was rational argument,although his co-authors(University of Kansas’s Bradford Cokelet and Princeton University’s Peter Singer)say reason might play a bigger role.Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style.T.A.’eating habits and students video exposure.Meanwhile Schwitzgebel---who had predicted no effect---will be eating his words.

36.Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes are _________

A.hard to determine

B.narrowly interpreted

C.difficult to ignore

D.poorly summarized

37.Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to study meat-eating?

A.It is common among students.

B.It is a behavior easy to measure

C.It is important to students'health

D.It is a hot topic in ethics classes

38.Eric Schwitzgebel's previous findings suggest that ethics professors _________.

A.are seldom critical of their students

B.are less sociable than other professors

C.are not sensitive to political issues

D.are not necessarily ethically better

39.Nina Strohminger thinks that the effect of the intervention is_____

A.permanent

B.predictable

C.uncertain

D.unrepeatable

40.EricSchwitzgebel suspects that the students’change in behavior _________

A.can bring psychological benefits

B.can be analyzed statistically

C.is a result of multiple factors

D.is a sign of self-development

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

How to Get Active Again

Getting back into exercise can be a challenge in the best of times,but with gyms and in-person exercise classes off-limits to many people these days because of COVID-19 concerns,it can be tricky to know where to start.And it’s important to get the right dose of activity.“Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout,”says Mary Yoke,PhD,a faculty member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington.

Follow this advice to return to exercise safely.

41.___________________

Don’t try to go back to what you were doing before your break.If you were walking 3 miles a day,playing 18 holes of golf three times a week,or lifting 10-pound dumbbells for three sets of 10 reps,reduce activity to 1 mile every other day,or nine holes of golf once a week with short walks on other days,or use 5-pound dumbbells for one set of 10 reps.Increase time,distance,and intensity gradually.“This isn’t something you can do overnight,”Denay says.But you'll reap benefits such as less anxiety and improved sleep right away.

42.___________________

If you’re breathing too hard to talk in complete sentences,back off.If you feel good,go a little longer or faster.Feeling wiped out after a session?Go easier next time.And stay alert to serious symptoms,such as chest pain or pressure,severe shortness of breath or dizziness,or faintness,and seek medical attention immediately.

43.___________________

Consistency is the key to getting stronger and building endurance and stamina.Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start,says Marcus Jackovitz,DPT,a physical therapist at the University of Miami Hospital.All the experts we spoke with highly recommend walking because it’s the easiest,most accessible form of exercise.Although it can be a workout on its own,if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes,tennis,cycling,or any other activity,walking is also a great first step.

44.___________________

Even if you can’t yet do a favorite activity,you can practice the moves.With or without a club or racket,swing like you’re hitting the ball.Paddle like you’re in a kayak or canoe.Mimic your favorite swimming strokes.The action willremind you of the joy the activity brought you and prime your muscles for when you can get out there again.

45.___________________

Exercising with others“can keep you accountable and make it more fun,so you’re more likely to do it again,”Jackovitz says.You can do activities such as golf and tennis or take a walk with others and still be socially distant.But when you can't connect in person,consider using technology.Chat on the phone with a friend while you walk around your neighborhood.FaceTime or Zoom with a relative as you strength train or stretch at home.

You can also join a live stream or on-demand exercise class.Silver Sneakers offers them for older adults,or try Ever Walk for virtual challenges.

Section III Translation

46．Directions:

Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET．(15 points)

Although we try our best,sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally planned!Changes in the light,the limitations of your palette,and just plain old lack of experience and technique mean that what you start out trying to achieve sometimes doesn’t come to life the way that you expected.

Although this can be frustrating and disappointing,it turns out that this can actually be good for you!Unexpected results have two benefits:for starters,you pretty quickly learn to deal with disappointment,and in time(often through repeated error)to realise that when one door closes,another opens.You quickly learn to adapt and come up with creative solutions to the problems the painting presents,and this means that thinking outside the box becomes second nature to the painter!

Creative problem solving skills are incredibly useful in daily life,and mean you’re more likely to be able to quickly come up with a solution when a problem arises.

Section IV Writing

Part A

47.Directions:

Suppose you are planning a campus food festival.Write an e-mail to international students in your university to

1)introduce the food festival,and

2)invite them to participate

You should write about 100 on the ANSWER SHEET．

Do not use your own name.Use“Li Ming”instead.

Do not write your address.(10 points)

Part B

48.Directions:

Write an essay based on the chart below.In your writing,you should

1)interpret the chart,and

2)give your comments．

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.（15 points）

2022英語二真題試卷解析

1-20

1.答案【B】normal

考點(diǎn)：語義理解

解析：根據(jù)后面同位語，a job like any other，代入選項(xiàng)理解，可確定“正常的工作”最符合語境意思。

difficult困難的；steady平穩(wěn)的；pleasant怡人的，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

2.答案【B】compared

考點(diǎn)：語義理解

解析：代入選項(xiàng)理解，“他把它（寫作）和水管工作相比”，compare最符合語境意思：compare sth with sth，固定搭配，意思是：把sth與sth相比。

combined結(jié)合；confused弄混；confronted面對(duì)，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

3.答案【A】If

考點(diǎn)：句間邏輯關(guān)系

解析：根據(jù)上下文，判定為假設(shè)關(guān)系，所以填if：“如果你和大多數(shù)現(xiàn)在的作家一樣，需要靠一份工作來養(yǎng)家糊口，那么就不容易找到時(shí)間來寫作”。

though盡管；once一旦；unless除非，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

4.答案【D】easy

考點(diǎn)：語義理解

解析：代入選項(xiàng)理解，“找到寫作時(shí)間并不容易”，easy最符合語境意思。

enough足夠的；strange奇怪的；wrong錯(cuò)誤的，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

5.答案【C】Remember

考點(diǎn)：語義理解

解析：祈使句，代入選項(xiàng)理解，意思是“記住……”，remember最符合語境意思。

accept接受；explain解釋；suppose假設(shè)，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

6.答案【A】well-known

考點(diǎn)：語義理解

解析：代入選項(xiàng)理解，根據(jù)上下文意思，fairly well-known：“即使是非常著名的作家”，well-known最符合語境意思。

well-advised細(xì)心的，明智的；well-informed博識(shí)的，消息靈通的；well-chosen精挑細(xì)選的，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

7.答案【C】supplement

考點(diǎn)：語義理解

解析：代入選項(xiàng)理解，根據(jù)上下文意思，“即使是非常著名的作家，也不得不做其他工作來補(bǔ)充收入”，此處supplement最符合語境意思。

donate捐贈(zèng)；generate產(chǎn)生；calculate計(jì)算，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

8.答案【C】question

考點(diǎn)：語義理解

解析：根據(jù)上下文意思，“HC認(rèn)為，這是一個(gè)優(yōu)先級(jí)的問題”，此處question最符合語境意思。

cause原因；purpose目的；condition條件，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

9.答案【B】sacrifice

考點(diǎn)：語義理解

解析：根據(jù)上下文意思，想要“讓寫作成為首要任務(wù)，就不得不犧牲一些日常活動(dòng)的時(shí)間”，此處sacrifice最符合語境意思。

highlight強(qiáng)調(diào)；continue繼續(xù)；explore探索，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

10.答案【B】interests

考點(diǎn)：語義理解，句內(nèi)邏輯關(guān)系

解析：此空和生活方式（lifestyle）為并列關(guān)系，再看上下文意思，“根據(jù)你的興趣和生活方式”，此處interests最符合語境意思。

relations關(guān)系；memories記憶；skills技能，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

11.答案【C】while

考點(diǎn)：語義理解，句間邏輯關(guān)系

解析：根據(jù)上下文意思，“有些人可以一邊寫作一邊聽音樂”，只有while表示這個(gè)意思。

until直到；because因?yàn)?；before在...之前，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

12.答案【D】cut down on

考點(diǎn)：語義理解

解析：根據(jù)上下文意思，“你不得不減少體育鍛煉量”，呼應(yīng)上句的“less time watching television”，只有cut down有減少的意思。

put up with忍受；make up for彌補(bǔ)；hang onto緊緊抓住，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

13.答案【B】occasional

考點(diǎn)：語義理解

解析：下文說到，“而不是讓它成為一個(gè)日常的、耗時(shí)的習(xí)慣”，根據(jù)rather than的對(duì)比意思，可以確定空格應(yīng)該是填入daily的反義詞，只有occasional（偶爾的），有這個(gè)意思。

intelligent聰明的；intensive密集的；emotional情感的，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

14.答案【A】habit

考點(diǎn)：語義理解

解析：此題要和13題一起理解，文中意思是，“你必須偶爾上社交媒體，而不是讓它成為一個(gè)日常的、耗時(shí)的習(xí)慣”。

test測(cè)試；decision決定；plan計(jì)劃，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

15.答案【A】tough

考點(diǎn)：語義理解

解析：根據(jù)上下文意思，“這是個(gè)艱難的學(xué)習(xí)曲線，并且不會(huì)讓你受歡迎”，再根據(jù)not popular，進(jìn)而確定答案是tough（艱難的）。

gentle溫和的；rapid迅速的；funny喜劇的，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

16.答案【D】in addition to

考點(diǎn)：句內(nèi)邏輯關(guān)系

解析：根據(jù)上下文意思，“除寫作之外，還有一件要需要努力保持的事情，那就是閱讀，”只有D選項(xiàng)可以表示并列關(guān)系。

in place of代替；in charge of管理；in response to回應(yīng)，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

17.答案【A】indispensable

考點(diǎn)：語義理解

解析：根據(jù)后文的you cannot do without，可以確定意思是“不可或缺的支持，”確定選indispensable（不可或缺的）。

Innovative創(chuàng)新的；invisible看不見的；instant即時(shí)的，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

18.答案【B】harder

考點(diǎn)：語義理解

解析：原文表達(dá)的意思是，“（人生的）時(shí)間有限，年紀(jì)越大，就越難完成”，根據(jù)上下文語義，確定答案是harder。

duller枯燥乏味的；quieter安靜的；quicker快速的，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

19.答案【C】productively

考點(diǎn)：語義理解

解析：根據(jù)上文內(nèi)容，既然時(shí)間有限，所以“我們需要盡可能地有結(jié)果產(chǎn)出”，只有productively能表達(dá)“有成果”的意思。

peacefully平靜地；generously慷慨地；gracefully優(yōu)雅地，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

20.答案【D】above all

解析：根據(jù)上下文意思，“如果你是一個(gè)作家，那么意味著最重要的是，寫作”，所以選above all，“最重要的是”。

at most至多；in turn輪流；on average平均，代入文中均不符合語境意思。

21.答案：D

題型：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞climate-friendly eggs，定位在首段最后一句，題眼句在前半句：This all seems random,but it's by design有意為之，與D選項(xiàng)“以特別的形式設(shè)計(jì)”同義，確定答案為D。

22.答案：C

題型：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Brown,exited,progress，定位在第三段第一句，題眼句在本段第二句中：“

鳥類的排泄物使田地肥沃。這些改進(jìn)使我們的母雞能夠覓食更高質(zhì)量的天然飼料，這對(duì)土地、母雞和我們提供給客戶的雞蛋都有好處。”與C選項(xiàng)“創(chuàng)建可持續(xù)系統(tǒng)”為同義概述。句中提到的improvements和be good for，同義轉(zhuǎn)換C選項(xiàng)的sustainable可持續(xù)的，確定答案為C。

23.答案：C

題型：例證題

解析：根據(jù)題干例子organic eggs，定位在第四段第二句，前一句后半部分提到觀點(diǎn)：whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering可再生產(chǎn)品是否成為高端的產(chǎn)品，同義為C選項(xiàng)“再生產(chǎn)品的潛力”，確定答案為C。

24.答案：B

題型：推斷題

解析：根據(jù)題干，定位在六段第二句，Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change年輕一代更關(guān)心氣候變化，以及最后一段Young adults really care about the plant年輕人真正關(guān)心地球，可以推斷出B選項(xiàng)“可能買氣候友好型雞蛋”，確定答案為B。

25.答案：A

題型：人物觀點(diǎn)題

解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Julie Stanton，定位在第五段第一句Regenerative products could be a hard sell再生產(chǎn)品很難售賣，關(guān)鍵詞John Brungvell定位在最后兩段及上道題，可以看出再生產(chǎn)品有市場(chǎng)，因此兩人意見不同主要在“市場(chǎng)前景”，確定答案為A。

26.答案：D

題型：細(xì)節(jié)題

解析：本題根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Harris Poll,conducted,survey,定位在第二段第一句，題眼句在前半部分：One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life每三名40歲以上的美國人中就有一人已經(jīng)或計(jì)劃在退休后找到一份工作，為更長(zhǎng)的生活做

準(zhǔn)備，為D選項(xiàng)“美國人愿意退休后繼續(xù)工作”的合理概述，因此選D。

27.答案：A

題型：推斷題

解析：題干明確定位第三段，內(nèi)容為“經(jīng)濟(jì)并不是非退休唯一罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。其他原因，還包括個(gè)人成就感，如保持精神健康、防止無聊或避免抑郁。”體現(xiàn)退休后可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，故答案選A。

28.答案：C

題型：原因題

解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞retirement pattern,changing,due to定位到第五段第一句：Americans are living longer.美國人活得更長(zhǎng)，對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)“更長(zhǎng)的預(yù)期壽命”，選C

29.答案：D

題型：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

解析：對(duì)應(yīng)原文：“Among the most popular ways they are doing this,the company said,is by reducing their overall expenses,securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.Unfortunately,many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do”，退休人員也像未退休人員一樣，通過“reduce overall expense”來維持生活，因此選D

30.答案：A

題型：態(tài)度題

解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Brent Weiss，定位到最后一段：Weiss said“It’s not just a financial decision,but an emotional one.Many people believe they can’t retire.”許多人認(rèn)為自己不能退休，因此判斷未準(zhǔn)備好的，故選A。

31.答案：C

題型：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

解析：根據(jù)題目中dark patterns定位到第一段最后一句，These are examples of...中these指的就是前文中內(nèi)容，上一句中impair consumer choice同義替換，與選項(xiàng)在undermine對(duì)應(yīng)，表示削弱用戶決策權(quán)；第二段中"dark patterns is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users",此句中manipulate同樣佐證dark patterns操縱用戶界面，對(duì)用戶的選擇有一定的干擾，因此選C。

32.答案：D

題型：例證題

解析：題干中“The 2019 study on dark patterns”定位原文第三段，在相應(yīng)例子句尋找作者觀點(diǎn)“In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites,researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices.Though widely pr*ent”，此句中pr*ent是流行的、普遍的意思，因此應(yīng)證其存在感較強(qiáng)，所以選擇D。

33.答案：B

題型：細(xì)節(jié)題

解析：根據(jù)題干中“businesses should...”可定位原文第四段第二句和最后一句，“Businesses should engage in conversations with IT,compliance,risk,and legal teams to review their privacy policy”，以及句子Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding digital deception，表示和相應(yīng)團(tuán)隊(duì)溝通隱私問題，以避免被欺騙，因此選B。

34.答案：B

題型：細(xì)節(jié)題

解析：根據(jù)題干中“additional regulation”定位到第五段第二句原文“In March,the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act(CCPA)that ensures that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.”，原文表達(dá)保證消費(fèi)者在尋求行使數(shù)據(jù)隱私權(quán)時(shí)不會(huì)被迷惑和誤導(dǎo)，對(duì)顧客隱私的保護(hù)，原文中“will not be confused or misled”對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)B中的protect from being tricked，因此選B；另外C選項(xiàng)grant是授予公司數(shù)據(jù)隱私權(quán)，肯定錯(cuò)誤。

35.答案：B

題型：細(xì)節(jié)題

解析：根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段，As more states consider promulgating additional regulations,there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community表示隨著越來越多的州考慮頒布額外的法規(guī)，有必要在商界內(nèi)部加強(qiáng)問責(zé)制；同時(shí)“Dark patterns can also be addressed on a self-regulatory basis,but only if organizations hold themselves accountable...”原文中on a self-regulatory basis和選項(xiàng)中“self-discipline”相對(duì)應(yīng)；C選項(xiàng)中strict中未提及，屬于迷惑選項(xiàng)，因此選B。

36.答案：A

題型：人物觀點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)題

解析：根據(jù)題干the effects of ethics classes，定位第一句，Although ethics classes are common around the world,scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior，句中unsure表明科學(xué)家不確定their lesson，即ethics classes，對(duì)應(yīng)hard to determine，是否真的會(huì)改變行為，證據(jù)無論如何都不明顯因此選A；

37.答案：B

題型：原因題

解析：根據(jù)題干定位第二段第一句，They chose this particular behavior for three reasons:原因1 students’attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable,原因2 behavior is easily measurable,and原因3 ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering.原因1干擾選項(xiàng)A（在學(xué)生中很普遍）和選項(xiàng)D（在倫理課上屬于熱門話題），但該原因表達(dá)學(xué)生對(duì)這個(gè)話題的態(tài)度是多變的，不穩(wěn)定的，故排除；原因2表達(dá)行為容易衡量，和B項(xiàng)符合；C選項(xiàng)對(duì)學(xué)生健康有利，原文未提及。

38.答案：D

題型：細(xì)節(jié)推斷題

解析：Eric Schwitzgebel's定位第三段，he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors,including voting rates,blood donation and returning library books.表明倫理學(xué)教授在行為方面與其他教授沒什么不同（投票、獻(xiàn)血、圖書歸還），對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)D，未必在道德上更好，其他沒提及。

39.答案：C

題型：人物細(xì)節(jié)題

解析：根據(jù)人名Nina Strohminger定位第四段，Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania,who was not involved in the study,says she wants the effect to be cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable，指出她希望效果是真實(shí)的，但不能排除一些未知、令人困惑的變量，表示希望但不確定，所以選C。

40.答案：C

題型：人物細(xì)節(jié)題

解析：定位最后一段，Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may....,showing it as achievable or more common此處表明最大的影響力來自社交；下文中Second,the video may have had an emotional impact.表明視頻可能產(chǎn)生情感上的影響，因此可知受多方面因素影響，所以選C。

41 C.Start slow,go slow.

解析：本段第二句中若干數(shù)字的減少“reduce activity to 1 mile every other day,or nine holes of golf once a week with short walks on other days,or use 5-pound dumbbells for one set of 10 reps.”和“Increase time...”都是在強(qiáng)調(diào)做得不要太快，需要增加時(shí)間，對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)的slow。

42.E.Listen to your body.

解析：本段首先說到了breathing，feel good，feeling wiped out，serious symptoms，這些都表現(xiàn)身體狀況，同時(shí)也非常詳細(xì)寫到了對(duì)于這些身體狀況的反應(yīng)，如back off，go a little longer or faster...，很明顯對(duì)應(yīng)E。

43.A.Make it a habit.

解析：本段首句的consistency，意思是“連貫性”對(duì)應(yīng)A選項(xiàng)的make it a habit養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣，根據(jù)后文內(nèi)容，指的就是體育鍛煉的習(xí)慣。

44.F.Go through the motions.

解析：本段首句提到了practice the moves（練習(xí)動(dòng)作），對(duì)應(yīng)F選項(xiàng)go through the motions，后文詳細(xì)說到了各種運(yùn)動(dòng)的具體動(dòng)作，如擊球、游泳劃水等等，對(duì)應(yīng)F選項(xiàng)。

45.B.Don’t go it alone

解析：首段首句的with others，第三句的with a friend，二段的join a class都是明確在表示要和其他人一起運(yùn)動(dòng)，明顯對(duì)應(yīng)B選項(xiàng)的Don’t go it alone.

46.【題目分析】

來源：本選段源于https://www.flavoursholidays.co.uk/發(fā)表于2020年9月30日一篇題為“Top 7 Psychological Benefits of Painting”的文章。

字?jǐn)?shù)：164字。共6句。

難度：整體偏難，長(zhǎng)句比較多，部分詞匯理解困難。

【參考譯文】

雖然我們會(huì)盡竭盡全力，但有時(shí)我們的繪畫作品很少能達(dá)到預(yù)期的效果。光線的變化、繪畫板的局限、經(jīng)驗(yàn)和技巧的匱乏，都意味著你最初盡力呈現(xiàn)的作品可能沒有預(yù)想的那么生動(dòng)。

盡管這樣會(huì)令人沮喪、倍感失望，但最終結(jié)果實(shí)際上對(duì)你是有益的。出人意料的結(jié)果有兩大益處：首先，你能迅速學(xué)會(huì)如何應(yīng)對(duì)失望，（通常經(jīng)過幾次犯錯(cuò)教訓(xùn)）你將很快領(lǐng)悟到上帝關(guān)上了一扇門，但與此同時(shí)也會(huì)打開另一扇窗。另外你能夠迅速地適應(yīng)令人沮喪的結(jié)果，針對(duì)畫作呈現(xiàn)出的問題提出創(chuàng)造性的解決辦法，跳出固化認(rèn)知去思考問題將成為你的第二本能。

創(chuàng)造性的解決問題技巧在日常生活中極其有用。當(dāng)遇到問題時(shí)，這些思維技巧將更有可能幫助你找到解決辦法。

47.【題目分析】

內(nèi)容：你計(jì)劃校園美食節(jié)，寫一封電子郵件給大學(xué)的國際學(xué)生。要點(diǎn)1：介紹美食節(jié)；要點(diǎn)2：邀請(qǐng)他們參加。

類型：邀請(qǐng)+介紹

格式：信函

框架：首段為邀請(qǐng)和寫信目的，中段為介紹美食節(jié)為主，末段再次邀請(qǐng)+期待。

注：邀請(qǐng)信2021年考察過，介紹活動(dòng)2013/2015/2019/2021均考察過，故寫作難度不大。

【參考范文】

Dear students,

In order to enrich students after-class activities and improve their practical ability,we are going to hold a food festival.I am writing the e-mail to invite you to take part in this festival.

The details are as follows.Firstly,the feast,including many games,is to be held at Room 211 in Teaching Building,on 25,Oct.In addition,during the activity,varieties of yummy foods are provided to be tasted.,thus you can enjoy dishes and desserts from all over the country,such as hotpot,roast meat with steamed rice and so on.Last but not the least,you are welcomed to offer foods from your countries.You can not only enjoy foods but also make friends who are fond of special snacks.

Welcome to join us and enjoy this fantastic festival.I am looking forward to your participation.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

48.【題目分析】

類型：柱狀圖（動(dòng)態(tài)圖）

主題：我國快遞業(yè)務(wù)量變化情況，對(duì)象為總體和農(nóng)村變化，

難點(diǎn)：翻譯“快遞”，單位billion

框架：首段點(diǎn)題+圖表描述，中段原因分析，尾段評(píng)價(jià)及建議

【參考范文】

As we can see,the bar chart shows the changes of express delivery volume from 2018 to 2020.According to the data given,the year 2020 has seen an increase in the overall delivery volume,which has risen steadily from 51 billion to 83 billion.Similarly,the delivery volume in rural areas has climbed from 12 billion to 30 billion during the same time.

A number of factors are accountable for the notable changes.To begin with,with the rapid development of e-commerce in China,online shopping has become a trend in China.The convenience of online shopping makes more and more people shape the habit of shopping online.That is the major reason why the overall delivery volume has a dramatic increase during the three years.What’s more,as our government takes great efforts to enhance people’s income in rural areas,people’s purchasing ability is increasing accordingly.Therefore,they can purchase more year by year online.

Taking all above into consideration,we can draw the conclusion that the phenomenon will continue in the coming years.And only by creating a safe atmosphere for online shoppers can make more people enjoy this purchasing way.

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