ACCA F2全稱是Management Accounting，這一門課程是管理會(huì)計(jì)的內(nèi)容，課程總體難度不大，差異分析的部分考試可能有些難度，另外一些財(cái)務(wù)比率的計(jì)算需要掌握，為今后的學(xué)習(xí)打好基礎(chǔ)。
       
        以下是學(xué)員整理的一些F2學(xué)習(xí)筆記供新學(xué)員參考：
　　1.Target cost=target selling price–target profit=market price–desired profit margin.
　　2.cost gap=estimated cost–target cost.
　　3.TQM:
　?、賞reventing costs
　?、赼ppraisal costs
　?、踚nternal failure costs
　?、躤xternal failure cost
　　4.Alternative costing principle:
　?、貯BC(activity based costing)
　　②Target costing
　　③Life cycle
　?、躎QM
　　8.Time series:
　　①trend
　?、趕easonal variation:⑴加法模型sum to zero;⑵乘法模型sum to 4
　?、踓yclical variation
　?、躵andom variation
　　9.pricipal budget factor關(guān)鍵預(yù)算因子：be limited the activities
　　10.budget purpose:
　　①communication
　?、赾oordination
　?、踓ompel the plan
　?、躮otivative employees
　?、輗esource allocation
　　11.Budget committee的功能：①coordinated②administration
　　12.Budget:①function budget②master budget:1.P&L;2.B/S;3.Cash Flow
　　13.Fixed Budget:不是在于固不固定，而是基于一個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)量的考慮，financail *.
　　Flexible Budget:包含了固定成本和變動(dòng)成本，并且變動(dòng)成本的變化是隨著業(yè)務(wù)量的變化而改變。
　　14.Flexible Budget的優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
　　①recognize different cost behavior.
　　②improve quality and a comparison of like with like
　?、踙elp managers to forecast cost,revenue and profit.
　　15.Flexible Budget的缺點(diǎn)：
　　1假設(shè)太簡(jiǎn)單。
　　2需要更多的時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備預(yù)算編制。
　　16.Controllable cost is a“cost which can be influenced by”its budget holder.大部分的變動(dòng)成本是可控的，non-controllable cost為inflation.
　　17.Budget Behavior:
　?、賞articipate approach
　?、趇mposed budget
　　18.payback投資回收期的缺點(diǎn)：
　?、賗gnore profitability
　　②the time value of money is ignored
　?、蹧](méi)有考慮項(xiàng)目后期帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益
　　④arbitray武斷
　　19.payback投資回收期的優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
　?、賓asy to calculate
　　②widely use
　?、踡inimize the effect of the risk and help liqidity
　　★如果在算投資回收期的時(shí)候，發(fā)生折舊，則需要加回折舊，因?yàn)檎叟f是非現(xiàn)金項(xiàng)目。
　　20.(1+real interst rate)*(1+inflation rate)=(1+nominal interest rate)
　　21.NPV=present value of future net cash flow–present value of initial cost
　　22.永續(xù)年金=A/i
　　23.每年的匯報(bào)是相同的就查看年金現(xiàn)值系數(shù)表，不同的就查看年金系數(shù)表。
　　24.EAR=CAR=APR=(1+r/n)n–1有效年利率
　　25.IRR:(based on cash flow analysis)
　　①IRR>cost of capital,NPV>0,worth taking
　?、贗RR<cost of capital,NPV<0,not worthwhile.
　　26.ARR=average profit/average investment(ARR是基于profit)
　　Average investment=(initial investment–residual value)/2
　　27.type of standard:
　?、賐asic standard
　?、赾urrent standard
　?、踚deal standard
　?、躠ttainable standard
　　28.Variance
　　1．Material Variance
　?、舤otal material variance=standard cost–actual cost
　　⑵material price variance=(standard price–actual price)*actual quantity
　?、莔aterial usage variance=(standard usage of actual output-actual usage)*standard price.
　　2．Direct Labor Variance
　?、舠tandard pay–actual pay
　?、芁abor rate variances=(standard rate–actual rate)*actual hrs of actual output
　?、荓abor efficiency variances=(standard hrs of actual output–actual hrs)*standard rate
　　3．Variable production overhead variances
　?、臫otal variable O.H.variance=standard cost–actual cost
　?、芕ariable O.H.expenditure variance=(standard rate–actual rate)*actual hrs
　?、荲ariable O.H.efficiency variance=(standard hrs of actual output–actual hrs)*standard rate
　　4．Fixed O.H.expenditure variance
　?、臚ixed O.H.Expenditure variance=budget expenditure–actual expenditure
　?、艶ixed O.H.volume=(actual output-budgeted volume)*standard hrs per unit*standard rate per hr.
　?、荂apacity variance=(actual hrs worked–budgeted hrs worked)*standard rate per hr
　　⑷Efficiency variance=(standard hrs worked for actual output–actual hrs worked)*standard rate per hr⑴+⑵：Fixed O.H.total variance=fixed O.H.absorbed–actual expenditure
　　5．Sales variance
　?、臩ales price variances=(actual price–budget price)*actual sales units
　?、芐ales volume variances=(actual sales units–budget sales units)*standard profit per unit
　　(absorption)
　　⑶Sales volume variances=(actual sales units–budget sales units)*standard CPU(marginal costing)
　　6．Idle time variances
　　Idle time variance=(expected idle time–actual idle time)*adjusted hr rate
　　29.The elements of a mission statement including:
　?、貾urpose
　?、赟trategy
　?、跴olicies and standards of behavior
　　④Values and culture
　　30.A critical success factor is a performance requirement that is fundamental to competitivesuccess.
　　31.Profitability ratios
　?、賀eturn on capital employed(ROCE)
　　=profit before interest and tax/(shareholders’funds+long-term liabilities)×100%
　　②Return on equity(ROE)=profit after tax/shareholders’funds×100%
　　③Asset turnover=sales/capital employed×100%
　　=sales/(shareholders’funds+long-term liabilities)×100%
　?、躊rofit margin=profit before interest and tax/sales×100%
　　Profit margin×asset turnover=ROCE
　　32.Debt and gearing ratios
　?、貲ebt-to-equity ratio=long-term liabilities/total equity×100%
　　②Interest cover=PBIT/Interest×100%
　　33.Liquidity ratios
　?、貱urrent ratio=current assets/current liabilities
　　②Quick ratio(acid test ratio)=current assets minus inventory/current liabilities
　　34.Working capital ratios
　?、買nventory days=average inventory*365/cost of sales
　　②Receivables days=average trade receivables*365/sales
　?、跴ayables days=average trade payables*365/cost of sales(or purchases)
　　35.Non-financial performance measures
　　Non-financial performance measures are considered to be leading indicators of financial performance.
　　①M(fèi)arket share
　?、贗nnovation
　　③Growth
　　④Productivity
　　⑤Quality
　　⑥Social aspects
　　36.The balanced scorecard:
　　①financial perspective②external perspective
　?、踓ustomer perspective④learning and innovation perspective
　　37.Benchmarking:
　　①Internal benchmarking
　　②Competitive benchmarking
　?、跢unctional benchmarking
　?、躍trategic benchmarking
　　38.Value analysis is a planned,scientific approach to cost reduction,which reviews the material composition of a product and the product's design so that modifications and improvements can be made which do not reduce the value of the product to the customer or user.
　　39.Four aspects of'value'should be considered:
　　①Cost value
　　②Exchange value
　　③Utility value
　?、蹺steem value
　　40.ROI=PBIT/capital employed*100%
　　Widely used and accepted;As a relative measure it enables comparisons to be made with divisions or companies of different sizes.
　　41.RI=PBIT-Imputed interest*capital employed.
　　Possible to use different rates of interest for different types of assets;Cost of finance is beingconsidered.