ACCA F3 Financial Accounting(International)會計準則內(nèi)容解析
  本周學術發(fā)展部請來ACCA講師王朝科為大家介紹ACCA以及F3 Financial Accounting的相關信息。
 
  ACCA (the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants特許公認會計師公會) 成立于1904年,是全球*2規(guī)模的國際專業(yè)會計師組織,為全世界有志投身于財務、會計以及管理領域的專才提供[*{6}*]的資格認證。目前ACCA在全球180個國家有170,000 名會員及436,000名學員。其中,中國擁有超過23,000名會員及48,000名學員。ACCA致力于培養(yǎng)會計師的專業(yè)能力,支持采納統(tǒng)一的國際準則,并從雇主的技能需求出發(fā),為會員和學員的事業(yè)發(fā)展提供完善的專業(yè)服務。
  F3 Financial Accounting的考試內(nèi)容是從發(fā)生交易后做借貸記賬開始,接著錄入總賬,然后檢查和改正記賬(試算平衡表trial balance),最后是編制年底的四張主要報表。在這個流程中會使用到相關的會計準則,目前總共有43個有效的國際會計準則(IFRS and IAS),而F3要求考生掌握其中的13個準則。下面給大家介紹六個國際會計準則和相關的考試。
 
  例題:
 
  (1) IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements
  IAS 1規(guī)定了三張報表的基本格式,財務狀況表(statement of financial position)、綜合收益表(statement of comprehensive income)和權(quán)益變動表(statement of changes in equity)。F3的考試可能會問到比如某項資產(chǎn)的類別,流動或非流動資產(chǎn);或者是某些項目是放到哪張報表里面。這里的難點是綜合收益表和權(quán)益變動表的關系,特別是在綜合收入表后半部分的其它綜合收入表當中的項目,比如資產(chǎn)重估增值的列報。
  Example 1:
  Which of the following should appear in a company’s statement of changes in equity?
  (1) Total comprehensive income for the year
  (2) Amortisation of capitalised development costs
  (3) Surplus on r*uation of non-current assets
  (a) 1, 2 and 3
  (b) 2 and 3 only
  (c) 1 and 3 only
  (d) 1 and 2 only
 
  (2) IAS 2 Inventory
  IAS 2是對流動資產(chǎn)存貨做相應的規(guī)定,其中包括存貨定義、確認、計量和披露等主要內(nèi)容??忌€需要掌握一些常見的存貨計算方法,比如FIFO、LIFO和Weighted-Average,其中Weighted-Average可以再細分成兩種方法,period weighted-average和continued weighted-average。
  Example 2:
  According to IAS 2 Inventories, which TWO of the following costs should be included in valuing the inventories of a manufacturing company?
  (1) Carriage inwards
  (2) Carriage outwards
  (3) Depreciation of factory plant
  (4) General administrative overheads
  (a) 1 and 4
  (b) 1 and 3
  (c) 3 and 4
  (d) 2 and 3
  Example 3:
  A company values its inventory using the FIFO method. At 1 May 20X5 the company had 700 engines in inventory, valued at $190 each. During the year ended 30 April 20X6 the following transactions took place:
  20X5 1 July Purchased 500 engines at $220 each
  1 November Sold 400 engines for $160,000
  20X6 1 February Purchased 300 engines at $230 each
  15 April Sold 250 engines for $125,000
  What is the value of the company’s closing inventory of engines at 30 April 20X6?
  (a) $188,500
  (b) $195,500
  (c) $166,000
  (d) $106,000
 
  (3) IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows
  IAS 7是關于現(xiàn)金流量表的格式、內(nèi)容和編制??荚囶}目會涉及到對經(jīng)營活動、投資活動和融資活動這三類現(xiàn)金流的區(qū)分;經(jīng)營活動現(xiàn)金流的計算;以及新增固定資產(chǎn)的現(xiàn)金流??忌枰煜がF(xiàn)金流量表的格式,特別是indirect method的方法,direct method很少考。
  Example 4:
  Which of the following statements is/are correct?
  (1) A statement of cash flows prepared using the direct method produces a different figure to net cash from operating activities from that produced if the indirect method is used
  (2) Rights issues of shares do not feature in a statement of cash flows (3) A surplus on r*uation of a non-current asset will not appear as an item in a statement of cash flows
  (4) A profit on the sale of a non-current asset will appear as an item under cash flows from investing activities in the statement of cash flows
  (a) 1 and 3 only
  (b) 3 and 4 only
  (c) 2 and 4 only
  (d) 3 only
 
  (4) IAS 10 Events after the Reporting Period
  IAS 10涉及到年底的報表調(diào)整,也就是需要把年底后的事項分成兩類,一類是調(diào)整事項(adjusting events),另一類是非調(diào)整事項(non-adjusting events)。F3的題也是給出事項進行區(qū)分,稍微有些難度的是區(qū)分年底后出現(xiàn)的意外,如果這個意外對企業(yè)只是小影響,那么可以劃為非調(diào)整事項;但如果這個意外有重大影響,持續(xù)經(jīng)營假設(going concern)受到損害,那么需要劃為調(diào)整事項。
  Example 5:
  Which of the following material events after the reporting date and before the financial statements are approved are adjusting events?
  (1) A valuation of property providing evidence of impairment in value at the reporting date.
  (2) Sale of inventory held at the reporting date for less than cost.
  (3) Discovery of fraud or error affecting the financial statements.
  (4) The insolvency of a customer with a debt owing at the reporting date which is still outstanding.
  (a) 1, 2 and 4 only
  (b) 1, 2, 3 and 4
  (c) 1 and 4 only
  (d) 2 and 3 only
 
  (5) IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment
  IAS 16是關于固定資產(chǎn)的確認、計量和披露。國際準則對固定資產(chǎn)有cost model and r*uation model這兩種做法,cost model比較簡單,初始按成本計量,后續(xù)計量用初始成本減去累計折舊。而r*uation model有些復雜,初始按成本計量,后續(xù)用重估價值減去后續(xù)累計折舊。F3題目有時需要比較資產(chǎn)在重估當天的賬面價值和重估價值,從而算出增值或減值。
 
  (6) IAS 18 Revenue
  IAS 18規(guī)定了貨物銷售、服務提供和其它收入的確認、計量和披露。其中貨物銷售需要滿足5個條件,比較難理解的是風險和報酬(risk and reward)由賣方轉(zhuǎn)移到買方這個條件,其它的4個條件分別為賣方?jīng)]有保留管理和控制權(quán),成本可靠計量,收入可靠計量和收入流入企業(yè)。
  ACCA F3的大綱并不只包含13個會計準則,其它的一些內(nèi)容仍然非常重要,比如double entry,suspense account,book of prime entry和interpretation of financial statement等。準備參加F3考試的同學需要全面了解大綱要求,多加練習才能掌握各知識點。最后預祝大家順利通過考試。
 
  作者:
  王朝科,ACCA國際特許公認會計師。英國薩塞克斯大學University of Sussex金融學博士在讀,研究方向為銀行業(yè)的公司治理結(jié)構(gòu)、股票信息風險、銀行效率等。在新加坡以創(chuàng)記錄2年半的速度完成CAT+ACCA學習,后在英國愛丁堡大學University of Edinburgh獲得財務金融碩士。曾在新加坡會計師事務所從事審計工作。
  國內(nèi)首批通過FIA、ACCA、CIMA train the trainer workshop認證的資深講師;多年FIA、ACCA、CIMA、AIA授課經(jīng)驗,專注F3、F7、P2財務會計系列課程,培訓學員數(shù)千人次;AIA財務會計科目官方特邀出題官。曾應邀為北京外國語大學、天津財經(jīng)大學、沈陽大學、成都大學等多所知名高校講授ACCA課程;為外資企業(yè)設計財務內(nèi)訓課程,提高企業(yè)的財務報告水平。