經(jīng)濟學(xué)研究社會如何管理自己的稀缺資源。Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources
稀缺性是指社會擁有的資源是有限的，因此不能生產(chǎn)人們希望擁有的所有物品和勞務(wù)。Scarcity means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have.
原理一 人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍。People face tradeoffs.
社會面臨的一種權(quán)衡取舍：效率和平等。
效率是指社會能從其稀缺資源中得到最多的東西。Efficiency means that society is getting the most it can from its scarce resources.
平等是指將這些資源的成果公平的分配給社會成員。Equity means that the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among society’s members.
原理二：某種東西的成本是為了得到它所放棄的東西。The cost of something is what you give up to get it.
一種東西的機會成本是為了得到這種東西所放棄的東西。 The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to get that item.
原理三：理性人考慮邊際量。Rational people think at the margin.
邊際變動是圍繞你所做的事的邊緣的調(diào)整。Marginal changes are adjustment around the edges of what you are doing.
在于多情況下，人們通過考慮邊際量來做出決策。In many situations,people make the best decisions thinking at the margin.
原理四：人們會對激勵做出反應(yīng)。People respond to incentives.
由于人們通過比較成本和利益作出決策，所以，當(dāng)成本或利益變動時，人們的行為也會改變。Because people make decisions by comparing costs and benefits,their behavior may change when the costs or benefits change.
公共決策者決不應(yīng)忘記激勵，因為許多政策改變了人們面臨的成本或利益，從而改變了行為。
Public policymakers fail to consider how their policies affect incentives, for many policies change the costs or benefits that people face and,therefore ,alter behavior.
原理五：貿(mào)易能使每個人狀況更好。Trade can make everyone better off.
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通過與他人交易，人們可以按較低的成本獲得各種各樣的物品與勞務(wù)。By trading with others ,people can buy a greater variety of goods and services at lower cost.
國家和家庭一樣能從相互交易中獲益。Countries as well as families benefit from the ability to trade with one another.
原理六市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟活動的一種好方法。Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.
在一個市場經(jīng)濟中，中央計劃者的決策被千百萬企業(yè)和家庭的決策取代。In a markets economy the decisions of a central planner are replaced by the decisions of millions of firms and households.
市場經(jīng)濟在以一種促進普遍福利的方式組織經(jīng)濟活動方面非常成功。Market economy have proven remarkably successful in organizing economic activity in a way that promotes overall economic well-being.
原理七：政府有時可以改善市場結(jié)果。Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.
經(jīng)濟學(xué)家用市場失靈來指市場本身不能有效配置資源的情況。Economists use the term market failure to refer to a situation in which the market on its own fails to produce an efficient allocation of resources.
外部性是一個人的行為對旁觀者福利的影響。Externality is the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.
市場勢力是指一個人或一小群人不適當(dāng)?shù)挠绊懯袌鰞r格的能力。Market power refers to the ability of a single person or small group to unduly influence market prices.
原理八：異國的生活水品取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力。A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services.
幾乎所有的生活水品的變動都可以歸結(jié)于各國生產(chǎn)率的差別。Almost all variation in living standards is attributable to differences in countries in countries’ productivity.
原理九：黨政府發(fā)行了過多的貨幣時，物價上升。Prices rise when the government prints too much money.
通貨膨脹是經(jīng)濟中物價總水平的上升。Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.
原理十：社會面臨通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡。society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.
說明通貨膨脹和事業(yè)之間短期權(quán)衡取舍的曲線被稱為菲利普斯曲線。The curve that illustrates this short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment is called the Phillips curve.
該曲線對理解經(jīng)濟周期——用雇傭的人數(shù)或生產(chǎn)的物品或勞務(wù)來衡量的，經(jīng)濟活動中無規(guī)律的、大部分無法預(yù)測的波動——是重要的。It is important for understanding the business cycle--the irregular and large unpredictable fluctuations in economic activity,as measured by the number of people employed or the production of goods and services.
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