今天來總結(jié)一下Management Accounting里面的一大重難點(diǎn),吸收成本法(Absorption costing)和邊際成本法(Marginal costing)兩者之間的主要區(qū)別和聯(lián)系。
01  利潤計(jì)算方法
  文字解釋:
 ?、?COS:按銷量計(jì)算,賣掉多少減多少。
  吸收成本法下計(jì)入產(chǎn)品成本的只有total production cost(fixed production overhead&variable production overhead),當(dāng)期銷售出去的存貨成本結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)到利潤表,即total production cost of sales;
  邊際成本法下計(jì)入產(chǎn)品成本的只有total variable cost(variable production overhead&variable non-production overhead),當(dāng)期銷售出去的存貨成本結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)到利潤表,即total variable cost of sales。
 ?、?Under/over absorption:吸收成本法特有的,邊際成本法不存在OAR和Under/over absorption。
  涉及的計(jì)算公式:
  Under/over absorption=Actual overhead-Absorbed overhead
  Absorbed overhead=OAR*Actual activity level
  OAR=Budget production overhead/Budget activity level
  ③ Sales-COS:
  吸收成本法下的主營業(yè)務(wù)收入-主營業(yè)務(wù)成本叫做Gross profit毛利潤;
  邊際成本法下的主營業(yè)務(wù)收入-主營業(yè)務(wù)成本叫做Contribution貢獻(xiàn)。
  ④ Period cost:當(dāng)期發(fā)生多少減多少。
  吸收成本法下包含total non-production cost;
  邊際成本法下包含total fixed cost
 ?、?Valuation of closing inventory:Absorption costing>Marginal costing。
  吸收成本法存貨計(jì)價(jià):Direct material+Direct labour+Variable production overhead+Fixed production overhead;
  邊際成本法存貨計(jì)價(jià):Direct material+Direct labour+Variable production overhead;
02  標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成本法中的差異
 ?、?Cost variance---fixed production overhead variance
  Absorption costing:
  A.fixed production overhead total variance=under/over absorbed overhead
  B.fixed production overhead expenditure variance=budgeted overhead-actual overhead
  C.fixed production overhead volume variance=budgeted units*OAR-actual units*OAR
  D.fixed production overhead volume efficiency variance=(budgeted hours at actual output-actual hours)*standard production overhead per hour
  E.fixed production overhead variance=(budgeted hours-actual hours)*standard production overhead per hour
  Marginal costing:(因?yàn)?span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">MC法下不存在OAR,所以對(duì)于fixed production overhead variance只有expenditure variance)
  fixed production overhead expenditure variance=budgeted overhead-actual overhead
 ?、?Sales variance---sales volume variance
  Absorption costing:sales volume profit variance=(budgeted units-actual units)*standard profit per units
  Marginal costing:sales volume profit variance=(budgeted units-actual units)*standard contribution per units
 ?、?Operating statement
03  聯(lián)系
  利潤差公式:MC+OAR*(closing inventory-opening inventory)=AC
  注:1.此公式的利潤指兩種成本核算方法下的凈利潤,不是contribution和gross profit的比較;
  2.Closing inventory-Opening inventory=Production units-Sales units
  3.此公式可以用于求OAR=(AC-MC)/(closing inventory-opening inventory)
  以上便是吸收成本法(Absorption costing)和邊際成本法(Marginal costing)之間的主要差異和聯(lián)系了,你記住了嗎~