8.2 Losses in process costing
  Normal loss is the amount of loss expected from the operation of a process. This expectation is based on past experience, and this loss is considered to be unavoidable.
  Abnormal loss is then extra loss resulting when actual loss is greater than normal or expected loss, and it is given a cost.
  Abnormal gain is the gain resulting when actual loss is less than the normal or expected loss, and its is given a “negative cost”。
  Example 1
  Input to a process is 1000 units at a cost of $4500
  Normal loss is 10%
  There is no opening or closing stocks
  (1)output = 860 units
 ?。?)output = 920 units
  Solution:
 ?。?)output = 860 units
  Step 1: determine output and losses
  units
  Actual Loss 1000 units-860 units  140
  Normal Loss 1000 units x 10%   100
  Abnormal loss          40
  Step 2: calculate cost per unit of output and losses
  Cost incurred    =   $4,500   = $5 per unit
  Expected output    1000 units x 90%
  The cost per unit of output and the cost per units of abnormal loss are based on expected output.
  Step 3: calculate total cost of output and losses
  Calculate total cost of output and losses; normal loss is not assigned any cost.
  Simply, total cost of output = total cost of input
  $
  Cost of output 860 units x $5     4,300
  Normal loss              0
  Abnormal loss 40 units x $5      200
  Total cost             4500
  Step 4: complete accounts
  Process account
  Unit
  $
  Unit
  $
  Cost incurred
  1000
  4500
  Normal loss
  100
  0
  Output(finished goods a/c)
  860 x $5
  4300
  Abnormal loss
  40 x $5
  200
  1000
  4500
  Abnormal loss account
  Unit
  $
  Unit
  $
  Process account
  40
  200
  Profit/loss account
  40
  200
  40
  200
  40
  200
  2012年ACCA考試《F2管理會計》講義輔導(33)
 ?。?)output = 920 units
  Step 1: determine output and losses
  $
  Actual loss 1000 units – 920 units   80
  Normal loss 1000 units x 10%     100
  Abnormal gain           20
  Step 2: calculate cost per unit of output and losses
  Costs incurred   =  $4,500   = $5 per unit
  Expected output    900 units
  Step 3: calculate total cost of output and losses
  $
  Cost of output 920 units x $5     4600
  Normal loss 0
  Less: abnormal gain 20 units x $5     (100)
  Total cost            4500
  Step 4: complete accounts
  Process account
  Unit
  $
  Unit
  $
  Cost incurred
  1000
  4500
  Normal loss
  100
  0
  Abnormal gain
  20 x $5
  100
  Output(finished goods a/c)
  920 x $5
  4600
  1000
  4600
  1000
  4600
  Abnormal gain account
  Unit
  $
  Unit
  $
  Profit/loss account
  20
  100
  Process account
  20
  100
  20
  100
  20
  100
  Example 2:
  Period 1: costs of input to a process = $29070
  Inputs = 1000 units
  Outputs = 850 units
  Normal loss = 10%
  Period 2: costs of input = $29070
  Inputs = 1000 units
  Output = 950 units
  There are no units of opening or closing inventory
  Solution:
  Step 1: determine output and losses
  Period 1:      Units
  Input        1000
  Actual output    850
  Actual loss     150
  Normal loss     100 1000 units x 10%
  Abnormal loss     50
  Period 2:     Units
  Input        1000
  Actual output    950
  Actual loss      50
  Normal loss     100 1000 units x 10%
  Abnormal gain     50
  Step 2: calculate cost per unit of output and losses
  Cost incurred  =  $29,070  =  $32.30 per unit
  Expected output   900 units
  Step 3: calculate total cost of output and losses
  Period 1:
  $
  Cost of output 850 units x $32.50  27455
  Normal loss            0
  Abnormal loss 50 units x $32.30   1615
  Total cost            29070
  Period 2:
  $
  Cost of output 950 units x $32.30   30685
  Normal loss             0
  Less: Abnormal gain 50 units x $32.30     (1615)
  Total cost             29070
  Process account
  Unit
  $
  Unit
  $
  Period 1
  Normal loss
  100
  0
  Cost of input
  1000
  29070
  Output(finished goods a/c)
  850 x $32.30
  27455
  Abnormal loss
  50 x $32.30
  1615
  1000
  29070
  1000
  29070
  Unit
  $
  Unit
  $
  Period 2
  Normal loss
  100
  0
  Cost of input
  1000
  29070
  Output(finished goods a/c)
  950 x $32.30
  30685
  Abnormal gain
  50 x $32.30
  1615
  1050
  30685
  1050
  30685
  Abnormal loss or gain account
  Unit
  $
  Unit
  $
  Abnormal loss
  1615
  Abnormal gain
  1615
  1615
  1615
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